These words appear in the calculator’s result, so each is explained by what it does, not by its name.
- Fixed share (fard)
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A fixed portion that neither grows nor shrinks — a half, a quarter, an eighth, two thirds, a third, a sixth. Those entitled to it are served first.
- Residuary (ta’sib)
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Taking whatever remains after the fixed shares. If nothing remains, the residuary takes nothing; if there is no fixed-share heir, he takes everything.
- Exclusion (hajb)
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One heir barred by a nearer one. Two kinds: total exclusion, which drops him entirely, and partial, which reduces his share — as the mother’s share falls from a third to a sixth when there is a child.
- Base of the problem (asl)
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The smallest number from which every share comes out whole. Instead of “the wife gets an eighth”, one says “she gets 3 of 24” — which is easier when actually dividing.
- Increase (awl)
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When the fixed shares exceed the estate, everyone’s share is reduced in the same proportion, so none is preferred over another. This is the majority position and what Egyptian law applies; Ibn Abbas differed.
- Return (radd)
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The inverse of awl: if something remains and there is no residuary to take it, it is returned to the fixed-share heirs in proportion to their shares — but not to a spouse **while another heir is present**. If a spouse is alone with no other heir, Egyptian law returns it to them (art. 30).
- Unit share (sahm)
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An heir’s share expressed as a count out of the base rather than as a fraction. It is what goes on the division sheet, because it divides without fractions.
- Distant kindred (dhawu al-arham)
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Any relative who is neither a fixed-share heir nor a residuary — a daughter’s daughter, a sister’s son, a maternal uncle. They inherit only when there is no blood fixed-share heir and no residuary. Their inheritance is the position of Abu Hanifa and Ahmad, and article 31 of the Egyptian inheritance law.
- Kalala
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That a person dies leaving neither child nor parent. The closing verse of Surat an-Nisa was revealed about it, on the inheritance of brothers and sisters.
- Completing the two thirds
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When a daughter takes a half, a son’s daughter takes a sixth so the daughters’ portion completes two thirds. If the deceased left two daughters they exhaust the two thirds, and the son’s daughter gets nothing.